The amount of water normally varies somewhat based on such factors as age, sex, and percentage of body fat. The balance is in the extracellular compartment , which consists of:.
Fluid moves between the fluid compartments by osmosis, a process that regulates water and electrolytes so that their distribution and composition in the compartments remain stable. The rate of osmosis depends on the osmotic pressure within the patient's tissues. This pressure draws water through semipermeable membranes, such as a cell membrane. Responding to osmotic pressure, fluid can move into or out of the cell. The amount of osmotic pressure depends on the ratio between the concentration of ions in the infused solution and the concentration of ions in cell fluid.
Water moves from an area of low ion concentration a hypotonic solution to an area of higher ion concentration a hypertonic solution. When the number of protein molecules in plasma is low, such as in proteinuria seen with uncontrolled diabetes or protein-calorie malnutrition known as kwashiorkor, fluid moves into and stays in the interstitial spaces, where it's unavailable to meet the body's hydration needs.
This is a type of third-space fluid shift , also called third-spacing. This condition sequesters fluid in the interstitial and intracellular spaces and in a third-body space such as the intestinal lumen where it doesn't support circulation. Parenteral solutions are classified according to their tonicity relative to normal blood plasma.
Here's how the three fluid types act in the body. That's why isotonic solutions such as 0. The cell has a low amount of solute extracellularly and it wants to shift inside the cell to get everything back to normal via osmosis. Hypotonic solutions are used when the cell is dehydrated and fluids need to be put back intracellularly. This happens when patients develop diabetic ketoacidosis DKA or hyperosmolar hyperglycemia.
Important : Watch out for depleting the circulatory system of fluid since you are trying to push extracellular fluid into the cell to re-hydrate it. Never give hypotonic solutions to patient who are at risk for increased cranial pressure can cause fluid to shift to brain tissue , extensive burns , trauma already hypovolemic etc.
Monitor closely for hypovolemia, hypotension, or confusion due to fluid shifting out of the intravascular space, which can be life-threatening. Nursing, 41 5 , Intravenous fluids with a similar concentration of dissolved particles as blood plasma. Intravenous fluids with a lower concentration of dissolved particles than blood plasma.
Intravenous fluids with a higher concentration of dissolved particles than blood plasma. Proportion of dissolved particles or solutes in a specific volume of fluid. Proportion of dissolved particles in a specific weight of fluid. Previous: Next: Share This Book Share on Twitter.
Fluid resuscitation for hemorrhaging, severe vomiting, diarrhea, GI suctioning losses, wound drainage, mild hyponatremia, or blood transfusions. Fluid resuscitation, GI tract fluid losses, burns, traumas, or metabolic acidosis.
Provides free water to help renal excretion of solutes, hypernatremia, and some dextrose supplementation. Used to treat intracellular dehydration and hypernatremia and to provide fluid for renal excretion of solutes. The mixed formula can then be kept in the fridge for up to 2 weeks to provide an instant hydration solution.
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